Formative feedback in the clinical practice setting: What are the perceptions of student radiographers?

The role of feedback to a learner's development has been well established. There is an absence of studies relating to student radiographers experience of gaining and applying formative feedback. This study investigated processes involved in gaining written formative feedback in the clinical practice setting as well as the impact feedback had on student radiographers learning.The data was collected from radiography students at two higher education institutions by electronic questionnaire comprising scaled and open questions. There was a response rate of 37% (n = 103/279). Scaled data was analysed using inferential statistics and the qualitative data helped explain the findings.The majority of students recognised radiographers were frequently busy; resulting in feedback that is generic and not always timely. There is strength of opinion 82.6% (n = 85/103) that student radiographers do not work with any one radiographer consistently enough to enable the provision of constructive and meaningful feedback. There appears to be difficulty in obtaining the comments but the evidence shows they are valued.The majority of students seek feedback that is specific and will clearly identify areas for development. They reflect on feedback as well as use self-criticism of their practice performance indicating the development of autonomous skills.The challenge of enabling consistent one to one working with radiographers, the need to maximise a learning culture within practice environments and ensuring full engagement by radiographers and students could be addressed by modification of the feedback system, a working group being formed from students, supervising radiographers and academic tutors.     

Taste masking of ciprofloxacin by ion-exchange resin and sustain release at gastric-intestinal through interpenetrating polymer network

The aim of the study was to taste mask ciprofloxacin (CP) by using ion-exchange resins (IERs) followed by sustain release of CP by forming interpenetrating polymer network (IPN). IERs based on the copolymerization of acrylic acid with different cross linking agents were synthesised. Drug-resin complexes (DRCs) with three different ratios of drug to IERs (1:1, 1:2, 1:4) were prepared & evaluated for taste masking by following in vivo and in vitro methods. Human volunteers graded ADC 1:4, acrylic acid-divinyl benzene (ADC-3) resin as tasteless. Characterization studies such as FTIR, SEM, DSC, P-XRD differentiated ADC 1:4, from physical mixture (PM 1:4) and confirmed the formation of complex. In vitro drug release of ADC 1:4 showed complete release of CP within 60 min at simulated gastric fluid (SGF) i.e. pH 1.2. IPN beads were prepared with ADC 1:4 by using sodium alginate (AL) and sodium alginate-chitosan (AL-CS) for sustain release of CP at SGF pH and followed by simulated intestinal fluid (SIF i.e. pH 7.4). FTIR spectra confirmed the formation of IPN beads. The release of CP was sustain at SGF pH (<20%) whereas in SIF media it was more (>75%). The kinetic model of IPN beads showed the release of CP was non-Fickian diffusion type.     

计算机动漫技术展现中医诊治机理探讨

中医不能象现代医学那样,向病家展现疾病发生发展的状态和疾病的实质变化,依中医学的理论和术语解释病情对方听不懂,甚至误认为中医说不清。其实不是说不清,是中医循中国传统文化的认知规律从事诊治活动的本质不为现代人所知、所理解。中医事业的发展需要向社会展现中医诊治的机理,完成这个任务的希望在于借助现代计算机动漫技术。笔者提出这个问题,意在引起中医同仁和计算机动漫专业人员的关注,如果两者结合起来,必将为中医文化的社会化开创一条新路,这是值得思考和实践,而且关系到中医事业前途的大问题。     

“数字人脑”模型与信息处理机制研究

本文阐述了数字人脑与数字人体的关系及国内外研究概况，讨论了数字人脑的主要研究内容和关键科学问题，提出数字人脑的研究目标，并给出数字人脑研究的总体方案。     

基于肠道菌群的中医健脾方剂作用机制的研究现状与思考

肠道菌群稳态在维持肠道正常生理功能、调节机体免疫以及拮抗病原微生物定植等方面具有重要的生理意义。肠道菌群与中医理论中"脾"的生理功能密切相关,肠道菌群失调和中医脾失健运互为因果。本文从脾虚证与肠道菌群失调的联系、中医健脾方剂调节肠道菌群的研究现状2个方面进行综述,阐明从脾论治有助于恢复肠道菌群的平衡稳态,以期为进一步从微生态学角度研究中医健脾方剂作用机制提供借鉴。关于中药方剂对肠道微生态影响的研究,应密切结合临床实际,充分体现疾病或是证候的临床特点,在建立成熟的证候模型或病证结合模型的基础上,利用宏基因组学、高通量测序等微生态生物学检测方法研究中药制剂对肠道微生态结构及功能的影响,明确单味中药及其有效成分对某一疾病优势肠道细菌及其基因表达的影响,为阐明中药调节肠道微生态的有效物质基础、揭示其作用本质提供依据。     

在体皮肤微透析分析制川乌-白芍配伍对芍药苷局部药代动力学的影响

目的:考察制川乌对白芍中芍药苷经皮转运的影响,从经皮转运角度研究制川乌-白芍配伍协同增效作用机制。方法:以昆明种清洁级小鼠为实验对象,分别经皮给予白芍凝胶、制川乌-白芍凝胶和白芍-氮酮凝胶,采用皮肤微透析取样技术,建立HPLC测定透析液中芍药苷的浓度,流动相乙腈-0.1%磷酸水溶液(14∶86),检测波长230 nm;利用DAS 2.0软件计算局部药动学参数,采用扫描电镜考察药物对小鼠皮肤角质层的影响。结果:白芍凝胶组的药时曲线下面积(AUC_(0-t)),平均滞留时间(MRT_(0-t)),半衰期(t_(1/2)),达峰时间(T_(max))和药峰浓度(C_(max))分别为(3.28±1.01)mg·L~(-1)·h,(3.95±0.32)h,(0.92±0.44)h,(2.00±0)h和(0.72±0.24)mg·L~(-1);白芍-制川乌凝胶组MRT_(0-t),AUC_(0-t),t_(1/2),T_(max)和C_(max)分别为(3.35±0.08)h,(10.64±1.24)mg·L~(-1)·h,(1.32±0.67)h,(1.00±0)h和(3.06±0.38)mg·L~(-1),白芍-氮酮凝胶组AUC_(0-t),MRT_(0-t),t_(1/2),T_(max),C_(max)分别为(59.82±13.51)mg·L~(-1)·h,(3.67±0.08)h,(0.89±0.16)h,(2.67±0.29)h和(13.24±4.14)mg·L~(-1)。与白芍凝胶组比较,制川乌-白芍凝胶组AUC_(0-t)和C_(max)均显著增大,T_(max)明显缩短。扫描电镜观察结果表明制川乌作用皮肤后,角质层细胞间隙明显增加,且与氮酮对皮肤的作用类似。结论:制川乌-白芍配伍能显著提高芍药苷的透皮吸收,达到配伍"增效"的目的,这可能与制川乌降低角质层的屏障作用有关。     

中药复方抗肿瘤机制研究进展

自医药历史有记载以来,肿瘤一直是威胁人类生命健康的主要疾病,如何有效的治愈肿瘤也是当今医学领域中亟待解决的首要问题之一。中药复方是中国传统医学的瑰宝,其发展已有2 000多年的历史。以中医基础理论为指导运用中药复方治疗各种疾病古来有之。在中医病症中并无肿瘤一说,但通过对肿瘤的认识,分析其病机,可以将其归属于"癥瘕积聚"的范畴,由此可见,肿瘤治疗是中药复方临床应用的重要组成部分。在肿瘤治疗的过程中,中药复方能够充分调动机体的防疫机制,发挥多靶点、多层次、多环节的综合调控作用,在抑制肿瘤发生、发展,改善肿瘤患者的生活质量,延长生存期等方面具有显著优势。中药复方治疗强调整体观念,但由于其化学成分繁多、组方形式多样、药理机制复杂、干扰因素众多,目前对中药复方多环节、多靶点之间的相互联系和影响认识不够深入,以至于研究进展缓慢,国际认可程度较低。本文对近年来的相关文献进行收集、整理、归纳和总结,在抑制细胞增殖、诱导分化,影响细胞生长周期,诱导细胞凋亡,诱导细胞自噬,抑制端粒酶活性,抑制肿瘤的侵袭和转移,抑制血管生成,调节免疫状态等方面对中药复方抗肿瘤机制研究进行综述,为中医药防治肿瘤提供理论基础以及科学依据。     

小议气虚发热

对气虚发热理论的源流及各家学说进行分析探讨,阐述气虚发热的机理。认为气虚发热的主要机理是脾气虚弱,中焦脾土枢转斡旋能力下降,气机不畅,无从运化阴液,以致阴阳不能相和,分别偏盛于表里,而出现发热等症状。     

青光眼视神经节细胞内外源性凋亡机制及中西医保护研究新进展

从青光眼视神经细胞(RGC)凋亡的内源性、外源性凋亡途径的部分机制,现代西医、中医药保护青光眼RGC凋亡的临床及基础研究报道入手探讨青光眼RGC的防治手段,指出当今关于中医药防治青光眼视功能损伤的临床及基础研究日益增多,但针对青光眼RGC凋亡和改善的中医药相关文献报道仍然较少,其作用机理也有待进一步证实。     

Electrochemistry of some novel hole transport materials

Several charge transfer agents have been investigated using cyclic voltammetry. We report multistep mechanisms involving both chemical and electrochemical steps, for the three compounds in the study. The overall mechanism consists of two quasi-reversible electron transfer events, each followed by a chemical step, an ECEC mechanism. The first cyclic voltammetric wave for each compound was studied separately. After the second quasi-reversible electron transfer, a third oxidation wave is observed under conditions of high concentration and slower scan rates. This is attributed to direct oxidation of the product of the second chemical step, which is identified as oligomer formation. This hypothesis is consistent with the physically observed formation of a film on the surface of the electrode, presumably from electrooxidative oligomerization of the compound.